Financial Theories Overview Essay Example for Free

Financial Theories Overview Essay costs of capital to a firm would remain the same no matter what combination of financing sources the firm actually chose (Miller, 2001, p. 185). The dividend proposition overcomes objection to leverage proof. | 3. Agency Cost Theory I Michael Jensen and William Meckling define agency costs as the costs associated with cooperative effort by human beings, which arises when the principal hires an agent to carry out duties Oensen, 2005). Conflicts of interest between management and shareholders are inevitable and can cause a potential loss in value of public corporations (Chew, 2001). For example, shareholders may want management to increase shareholder value, but management may grow the business to increase personal power and wealth (Chew, 2001). | Enrons company was worth $30 billion and senior managers tried to defend a $40 billion of excess valuation. Ultimately Enron executives destroyed the company by trying to fool the markets through accounting manipulations, hiding debt through off-balance sheet partnerships, and over hyped new ventures such as their broadband futures effort Oensen, 2005, pp. 10-11). John Roth, former chief executive officer (CEO) of Nortel, wrote off most cquisitions, when stock price crashed and closed down activities, which resulted in the destruction of not only the corporate value but also the social value of the company Oensen, 2005). Finance scholars found a reduction in conflict of interest between management and shareholders because of: (1) product market competition and a market for executive labor

B. F. Skinner Essays -- essays research papers

B. F. Skinner Burris Frederic Skinner was born on March 20th, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His mother, Grace M. Burrhus, was a stenographer and a secretary, in a law office and later in a railroad chief executive's office. His father, William A. Skinner, was an attorney, who studied law with another local attorney at a New York Law School. Skinner's parents were both good students. His father had bought several sets of books, so there was a lot of reading material their children. Skinner said that his parents never used physical punishment, except for the time they washed his mouth out with soap for bad language. (Ulrich, 1997) B. F. Skinner was very adventurous child. He lead a 300 mile canoe trip down the Susquehanna River when he was only 13 years old. He was a natural inventor and he loved build things. One of his inventions included a device that automatically reminded him to hang up his pajamas in the morning. He played the saxophone in a jazz band during high school and played piano until his failing eyesight made it hard for him to read the music. In college, he was very independent, and sometimes even a prankster. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1926 and later received his P.h.D. in psychology at Harvard University. (Ulrich, 1997) John B. Watson John Broadus Watson was born in Greenville, South Carolina on January 9th 1878. He went to college at Furman University and the University of Chicago. Watson created "Psychological behaviorism" in 1912. He told the world about his theory of behaviorism in a 1913 paper entitled ``Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.'' In the paper he described Behaviorism as the part of psychology that shows behavior as "a series of observable movements in time and space". (Turner, 1997) He rejected both conscious and unconscious mental activities and defined behavior as a response to a stimulus. A few of John B. Watson's literary works include the following books and papers: Animal Education, Behavior, Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, Behaviorism, and Psychological Care of Infant and Child. (Turner, 1997) Along with his own theories of behaviorism, Skinner developed the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is based on the idea that "we behave the way we do because this kind of behavior has ... ...duces the stimulus."(Skinner, 1938) For Skinner's Behaviorism Page 7 example, Skinners cat tries to remove his flea collar because it irritates his sensitive skin. Skinner removes the collar from the cat as a form of negative reinforcement. (Skinner, 1938) In his time, B. F. Skinner attempted to make a lot of changes in modern psychology. Made people didn't agree with his changes because he didn't think that psychology had to do with feels or emotions. He felt that psychology had suffered in the past because it tried to explain human behavior in terms of feelings and states of mind. Skinner thought that psychology had wasted a lot of time making theories about the mind and personality. He suggested that psychology should only deal with behavior that is "observable in the world in which it occurs." (Henderson, 1990) In conclusion, B. F. Skinner was a very intelligent man that viewed behavior as "a response to a stimulus." Though he may have based his theories mostly on animal testing and he many have even portrayed man as a being without feelings, creativity, or morality, he was truly great and saw behaviorism like no one had seen it before. (Skinner, 1938)

Missing Children

INTRODUCTION Over the years our country, Malaysia has been bombarded with abundance of missing children/ children abduction cases. A statistic released by police of Malaysia, stated that a total of 3223 children below 18 went missing between 2008 and April last year (2012). Of this figure, only about 1000 cases were solved. From the statistic, it’s clearly shown that, over 3223 cases reported 2223 cases still unsolved. The questions are, how does it happen? Who should be blamed? What the impact of this scenario? And what are the best ways to prevent children from missing?Thus, in this essay, the priority will be given to the causes, the effects and some suggestions to overcome missing children cases. THE CAUSES OF MISSING CHILDREN Figure 1 : The Causes Of Missing Children Family Problems This is the prominent causes of the missing children cases happened not just in Malaysia but also around the globe. Many people agree with it as basically, parents play an important role on ho w to nurture the family, to treat the children and to solve any problems happen to the members of the family.Family problems can be included in term of financial problem, misunderstanding among family members and lack of intention and in search of freedom. When a certain family is having some financial problems, it will slightly affect the children because children actually are still young to know any problems related to the financial status of their family. So, parents should aware about this problem, never reveal or expose any financial problem to your children. Apart from that, children need intention from their family.They are still young and at these ages (below 18) they really need the intention from their family or parents negligence. If they do not get the full intention from the family, they might be in influenced in much bad behaviour like vandalism, gangsterism and they might tend to run away from home. Hence, ever Picture 1 : parents have to play an important role in rai sing up the children. Peer Influence When the children do not get the full intention from their parents, they tend to share their problems with their friends. They share most everything with their friends from school issues to their feelings.Sometimes the missing of children happens because of love matter. At these ages they are easily falling in love with somebody. This is because those children feel that their lover can give them freedom and better life. Picture 2 : peers have the ability to influence the children to be good or bad Job Opportunities Lastly, the cause that leads to children missing is the job opportunities. It usually happens to the children that don’t like to go for education at school. They think that education is just wasting their time, so they quit their school and start working.However, parents usually prohibit them from working because this is not a time for them to find money and work. Then, when the children don’t be given the opportunity to work, they decide to run away from home and work. THE EFFECTS OF MISSING CHILDREN Penalising Errant Parents People argue that we need to blame the parents first because of the missing children cases. It is because; they are the ones who close to their children more than anyone else. It is therefore, not surprising that more and more voice are being raised in favour of penalising errant parents.According to the law, these errant parents will be penalised under Section 33 of the Child Act 2001 that result them to be liable to a fine not exceeding RM 5000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or both. Section 33 of the Child Act 2001| Provides that any person who, being a parent, guardian or person with temporary care of a child, leave that child 😠 * Without making reasonable provision for the supervision and care of the child;| * For a period which is unreasonable having regard to all the circumstances; or | * Under conditions which are unreasonable having regard t o all the circumstances. Commits an offence and shall, on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding RM 5000 or imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or both. | Figure 2 : Section 33 of the Child Act 2001 The Missing Children Life And Safety Are Not Guaranteed. In some cases, not all missing children reported that they are running away from home. It is because they might be missing due to the kidnap. Those children who are kidnaped by the criminals might live in a dangerous and awful life. Some of them are kidnaped to be slaves of criminals; helping the criminals to find money just like what is happening in our countries.These children are forced to become beggars and ask donation from the public. In some other cases, we may find out that those children are forced to become prostitutes. This happens mostly in Middle Eastern Countries. The world we live in is no stranger to one of the biggest reasons many of our children disappear without a trace. Many children are abduc ted and sold for body parts throughout the United States, Central America, South America and Europe. The Internet has become one of the greatest sources of business and the organized underground business is one of the most successful businesses anywhere in the world.Can you imagine having the need of life and searching the Internet and finding a broker who can find you the organ of your choice? Here in the U. S. A. , in Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica, anywhere in Central, North and South America, anywhere for a price you can pay for and get the organ of your choice. If you don't believe it, search the net right here right now in Orange County, New York or anyplace in the world. Many missing children are abducted and sold for these body parts. This is a multi-million dollar a year business. Be careful when your child is talking to a friendly little girl in a chat room.The Internet is worldwide and sometimes deceptive. The chat room your child uses could be somewhere in Mexico or New York, India, The Middle east or Korea. Your child could be talking to anyone, anywhere with the touch of a button, so close. SUGGESTIONS TO PREVENT CHILDREN FROM GOING MISSING. * Do not leave children unsupervised in public places. Children especially in early ages between 4 to 9 years old cannot handle themselves very well. They need someone to rely on. So, never leave your children unsupervised especially in public places because they don’t know what to do and to whom they should rely on. Teach children to be suspicious of strangers and not be lured by them. It is a good technique that every parent should implement to their children, teach your children to be suspicious of strangers and not to be lured by them. We cannot simply believe in strangers that we meet. Maybe they are bad people that intend to kidnap your children. * Teach children how to respond in dangerous situations. Next, parents should teach their children to respond in dangerous situation. So, when it comes to any dangerous situations they will be able to react and find the solution. * Make sure children keep a note with emergency contact numbers.Furthermore, good parents are them who always make sure that their children memorize and keep a note with emergency contact number especially the official contact number of police. So, when it comes to the dangerous situation, your children will be able to call for help. * Society should be alert to, and help, children seen to be wandering around alone. Here, the highlight will be the society. We should never rely on parents only. Society also has to play their role in preventing children from going missing. When we see any children wandering around alone, we need to take action by helping them to find their home.CONCLUSION All in all, we can conclude that missing children is not a case that we should not pay attention. This issue has been discussed around the year for years and still happen in many countries. We need to aware that children a re the asset of the country, they are precious and we need keep them safe from any harm. Ultimately, each of us including parents, teachers and society has to play an important role to curb children missing. We need to cooperate together to find solutions of this issue. Together we can create a better life and place for our children.

Finding Our Place On The Era Of Robots - 1553 Words

Course No.:ENGL 1104:11 Name : Xuefeng Zheng ID : 20122063 Finding Our Place in The Era of Robots For centuries, people have fantasized that machines could possess intelligence like the human race, and work as our most faithful servants someday. Fortunately, this dream has nearly come true in many fields today. Automatons are widely used in many areas, from self-driving cars to sex robots -- and an especially large number of applications in the mass-production industry, such as in car manufacturing and assembly technology. At the same time, it cannot be denied that some people lose their jobs when automatons or robots take their place, thousands of workers are put out of their old jobs and forced to seek new employment, even as they†¦show more content†¦There are a wide variety of jobs that humans just can’t afford to do, but robots and automatons can overcome the limitation of human body and help us achieve some tasks that would never be humanly possible without the assistance of robots. Such as in the field of underwater exploration, the human body canâ€℠¢t sustain itself in the deep water but underwater robots can.Underwater robots can dive deeper and longer than any human, they can provide an up-close look at marine life and they have radically changed the way we see the world from the ocean floor. These marvelous machines are equipped with high-definition cameras,sensors, wheels and other technology to assist scientists when they explore docks, ocean floors, and other surfaces.Underwater robots are the best tool for gathering data and images of life under water,and help human beings finish some tasks which seems impossible in the past.In the same way, space robots can help astronauts perform very difficult and important tasks during space missions and give them the chance to explore space in the most amazing ways. Robots and automatons can also help us accomplish some extremely dangerous tasks without endangering humans. They can be used for mining and construction or even in the military.For instance,the military uses UAV(unmann ed aerial vehicle) for reconnaissance missions,Show MoreRelatedA Separation Of Social And Economic Classes1664 Words   |  7 Pagesunemployment, the devouring of industrial and day-to-day jobs carried out by human beings, and the dehumanization of society. In Vonnegut’s novel a separation of social and economic classes becomes formidable. The setting in which the story takes place consists of managers and engineers considered to be the upper class, and then everyone else on the other side of the river otherwise known as Homestead, consisting of the lower class and Reeks and Wrecks workers. The machines that run the town as theyRead MoreThe Future of Space Exploration1522 Words   |  7 Pagesas we are by Earths atmosphere and magnetic field, which deflect lethal radiation from space, we are like coddled children who have never ventured into a tough neighborhood† (Folger 2). 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